第三种方法是利用终结性测验的结果作为形成性评价的一个机会。例如,教师可以查看一下测验中哪些问题大多数学生回答得不好,然后集中矫正这些问题,把重点放在学习上,而不是查看评分标准,设法去找回几分来。学生互相批改试卷也有帮助,正如同伴批改书面作业一样。如果让学生事先确定一个评分标准,就更有用,因为这样就使学生把注意力集中在与他们的思考有关的质量标准上,正如一位教师所描述的:“试卷发还给学生后,他们在小组里一起对答案——实际上他们提出了自己的评分方案。我发现这很管用。一开始,一些学生会觉得,‘我一定错了,因为我是那样回答的唯一的人。’这对能力差的学生来说仍然是一个问题,因为他们缺乏信心。可是,最后他们意识到,最好的答案不一定是大多数人的答案,而是最有充分证据的答案。”[14]总之,让学生主动参与测验过程有助于提高他们对测验或评价功能的正确认识,使其体验到他们是测验的受益者,而不是测验的受害者,因为测验有助于他们改进学习。
[1]B lack, P.; Harrison, C.; Lee, C.; Marshal, B. & William ,D(2002). Working inside the Black Box: Assessment for Learning in the Classroom . London, UK: King’s College London School of Education. 转引自 Paul Black: The Nature and Value of Formative Assessment for Learning,p.2.
参 见 : http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/education/papers/Form ativeAsst.pdf,2004-6-2.
[2]http://cm s. curriculum .edu.au/assessment/whatis.asp,2005 -02 -24 .
[3]刘志军.课堂评价论[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002.20.
[4]Black, P. and W illiam, D. (1998).Inside the Black Box: Raising Standard through Classroom Assessment.参见:http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/education/publications/blackbox.htm l , 12-6-2002.
[5]Black, P.; H arrison, C.; Lee, C.; M arshall, B. & W illiam ,D.(2003).Assessment for Learning: Putting it into Practice.M aidenhead:Open UniversityPress,p.27.
[6]H arlen, W . (2000).Teaching, Learning & Assessing Science 5-12(3rded.).London: PaulChapm an PublishingLtd.p.124.
[7]Rowe,M .A. (1974).W aitTim e and Rewards as Instructional Variables, their Influence on Language, Logic and Fate Control, Journal of Research in Science Teaching,11:81-94.
[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]Black, P.; H arrison, C.;Lee,C.; M arshall, B.& W illiam , D.(2003).Assessment for Learning: Putting itinto Practice.M aidenhead:Open Uni-versityPress,p.40.p.43.p.49.p51.p.54.p.55.p.55.
As a part of effective teaching and learning, assessment for learning is a kind of internal and formative assessment with both teachers and their students as the assessors. The aim of assessment for learning is to facilitate the development of students ,the professionalism of the teachers, and the improvement of teaching and learning. It mainly employs the following methods:(1)improving the mode of questioning in the class;(2) effective feedback from marking students’ work;(3)peer and self-assessment,and(4)the formative use of summative tests. Assessment for learning helps improve teaching as well as learning styles and improve the interaction between teachers and students, thus effectively promoting the quality of teaching and learning, and the development of both teachers and students.
assessment for learning; formative assessment; summative assessment;assessment methods; science teaching