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PISA2006科学题目:玉米

2012-08-31 |浏览:3832次 | 编辑: 加载失败
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副标题#e#

 

阅读思考以下这一新闻报道。

奥克•菲尔达的炉灶下几个原木燃着微火。从火炉旁边的一个纸袋中,他手抓一把玉米然后和把它撒进火焰中。随即,火苗变得很旺盛。“你看这里”菲尔达说, “火炉的四周保持清洁,火苗旺盛并且玉米能够完全燃烧。”菲尔达说出了一个事实,即玉米可被用来作为燃料,就如同可以做牛的食物一样。据他而言,这是不久后可以实现的。

菲尔达指出,玉米作为牛的食物,实际上是一种燃料。牛吃玉米,利用它以取得能源。但是,菲尔达解释说,出售玉米为燃料而不是做为养牛的食物可能更使农民有利可图。

菲尔达坚信,从长远来看,玉米将被广泛用作燃料。他幻想着,它收获后贮存,烘干和包装,然后装袋出售。

菲尔达目前正在调查是否整个玉米植株都可作为燃料,但这项研究尚未完成。

菲尔达还需要考虑的问题集中于二氧化碳的排放量。二氧化碳被视为是导致温室效应主要的原因之一。增加温室效应使地球的平均气温增加。

在菲尔达看来,二氧化碳是没有错的。相反,他认为,植物吸收二氧化碳并转化成氧气为人类所用。

然而,菲尔达的计划可能会与政府发生冲突,而这实际上是在试图减少二氧化碳的排放。菲尔达说, “事实上有许多科学家认为,二氧化碳不是造成温室效应的主要原因”

#p#副标题#e#

 

菲尔达把以玉米作为食物和以玉米作为燃料做比较。

下表第一列为玉米燃烧时的情况。玉米在动物体内消化是否也与这相同?圈是或不是。

当玉米燃烧时:

       玉米在动物体内消化是否也与这相同?圈是或不是。

/

/

/

 

 

代码1:是的,是的,是的。

代码0 :其它答案。

代码9:留空。

#p#副标题#e#

 

在文章中形容转换二氧化碳是:“……植物吸收二氧化碳并转化成氧气…… ”。除了二氧化碳和氧气外,还有有更多的物质参与了这一转化。转化方程式为:

二氧化碳+水→氧+       在括号中写入相应的物质。

代码1:下列说法之一:

葡萄糖

碳水化合物

糖类

淀粉

代码0 :其它答案。

代码9:留空。

#p#副标题#e#

 

在文章末尾,菲尔达说有许多科学家认为二氧化碳不是造成温室效应的主要原因。卡琳在资料上查到导致温室效应的主要为以下四种气体:

导致温室效应的气体分子数

 

 

 

 

1

30

160

17 000

从这个表卡琳不能确定哪种是影响温室效应的主要气体。表中的数据不足以说明问题,结合其它数据卡琳才能得出是什么气体主要导致了温室效应

而还有什么数据是卡琳应该收集的?

A.    关于这四种气体的产源。

B.   植物所能吸收这些气体的量。

C.   这四种气体的分子式。

D.   这四种气体在大气中的总排放量。

代码1 D.这四种气体在大气中的总排放量。

代码0 :其它答案。

代码9:空白。

#p#副标题#e#

 

Consider the following newspaper report.

Auke Ferwerda’s stove contains a few logs burning quietly with low flames. From a paper bag next to the stove he takes a handful of corn and puts it onto the flames. Immediately the fire flares up brightly. “Look here,” Ferwerda says, “The window of the stove stays clean and transparent. Combustion is complete.” Ferwerda talks about the fact that corn can be used as fuel as well as cattle food. As far as he is concerned, this is the future.

Ferwerda points out that corn, in the form of cattle food, is in fact a type of fuel too. Cows eat corn to get energy out of it. But, Ferwerda explains, the sale of corn for fuel instead of for cattle food might be much more profitable for farmers.

Ferwerda has become convinced that, in the long run, corn will be widely used as fuel. He imagines what it will be like harvesting, storing, drying and packing the grains in bags for sale.

Ferwerda is currently investigating whether the whole corn plant could be used as fuel, but this research has not been completed yet.

What Ferwerda also needs to consider is the amount of attention being focused on carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is regarded as the main cause of the increase of the Greenhouse effect. The increase of      the Greenhouse effect is said to be the cause of the increasing average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere.

In Ferwerda’s view, however, there is nothing wrong with carbon dioxide. On  the contrary, he argues, plants absorb it and convert it into oxygen for human beings.

However, Ferwerda’s plans may clash with those of the government, which is actually trying to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Ferwerda says, There are many scientists who say that carbon dioxide is not the main cause of the Greenhouse effect.”

#p#副标题#e#

 

Ferwerda compares corn used as fuel to corn used as food.

The first column of the table below contains a list of things that happen when corn

burns. 

Do these things also happen when corn works as a fuel in an animal body? 

Circle Yes or No for each.

When corn burns:

Does this also happen when corn works as a fuel in an animal body?

Oxygen is consumed.

Yes  /  No

Carbon dioxide is produced.

Yes  /  No

Energy is produced.

Yes  /  No

 

Code 1: Yes, Yes, Yes.

Code 0: Other responses.

Code 9: Missing.

#p#副标题#e#

 

In the article a conversion of carbon dioxide is described: “…plants absorb it and convert it into oxygen …”.

There are more substances involved in this conversion than carbon dioxide and oxygen only. The conversion can be represented in the following way: 

carbon dioxide + water oxygen + 

Write in the box the name of the missing substance.

Code 1: One of the following names:

glucose

sugar(s)

carbohydrate(s)

saccharide(s)

starch

Code 0: Other responses.

Code 9: Missing.

#p#副标题#e#

 

At the end of the article Ferwerda refers to scientists who say that carbon dioxide is not the main cause of the Greenhouse effect. 

Karin finds the following table showing the relative Greenhouse effect caused by four gases:

Relative Greenhouse effect per molecule of gas

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

Chlorofluorocarbons

1

30

160

17 000

 

From this table Karin cannot conclude which gas is the main cause of the increase of the Greenhouse effect. The data in the table need to be combined with other data for Karin to conclude which gas is the main cause of the increase of the Greenhouse effect.

Which other data does Karin need to collect?

A Data about the origin of the four gases.

B Data about the absorption of the four gases by plants.

C Data about the size of each of the four types of molecules.

D Data about the amounts of each of the four gases in the atmosphere.

Score 1: D. Data about the amounts of each of the four gases in the atmosphere.

Score 0: Other responses.

Code 9: Missing.

PISA 2006www.pisa.oecd.org


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